Utopia Essay Example For Students

Ideal world Essay Thomas Mores, Utopia is one of the most strategically and socially persuasive messages to date. His crowd, which ranges from scholastic and social researchers to undergrads, all can increase an alternate comprehension of the work and its significance. So as to completely understand Mores message, one must have a gratefulness for the time and culture wherein he lived.After getting a handle on chronicled ideas, one understands Utopia, not as only a volume relating an imaginary island society, yet rather as a scrutinize on a period of defilement and renewal. All through the whole content, Mores individual perspectives on the religion, governmental issues, and economy of this violent time leak through the painstakingly plotted string of this basic work. We will compose a custom article on Utopia explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now More is found in history through a wide range of lights. It is hard to truly portray the sixteenth century without referencing Mores singular contribution as a key strict and political figure of the time. In his initial life, he centers predominantly around his longing for brotherhood. More lived in a religious community for quite a long time and sought after the devout existence of the Carthusians just to forsake it for a political vocation. Many hypothesize that Mores purposes behind leaving had to do with the defilement he saw in his time there and want to take part in marriage. The defilement and avarice shaping among the pastorate is the thing that set off the Protestant Reformation, drove by Martin Luther. Next, More went into the political spotlight through parliament and as a Speaker of the House of Commons, where he burned through his effort empowering the possibility of the right to speak freely of discourse. His next obligation was Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancester, tra iled by the Lord Chancellor. Both of these came towards the finish of his political and legal vocation when his perspectives started to part from those of Henry VIII. Mores conflict with the thoughts of Henry VIII and the change to Lutheranism was inevitably the finish of him, when he was executed for declining to pledge to the Oath of Supremacy and Act of Succession. He had faith in the method of the Catholic Church till the end and paid a definitive penance of his life. Proof of Mores strict perspectives is found all through the content. He shrewdly masks his actual feelings by imagining an invented voyager by the name of Raphael Hythloday, who the peruser accepts to be the originator of the extreme thoughts. All the more likewise sprinkles genuine names all through the presentation, which adds validity to the whole thought of Utopia as a genuine spot. He goes above and beyond to make himself a character as the voice of reason. In the time that More composed the novel, these persp ectives were radical to such an extent that, had they not had a type of a disclaimer gave, he could have been rebuffed. Raphael portrays the Utopians in detail. More spends a particularly enormous measure of time examining the Utopians strict convictions. He depicts them as monotheists, expressing, they have confidence in a solitary force, obscure, everlasting, unending, odd, a long ways outside the ability to comprehend of the human mind(73). More anxieties this idea of affability in a barbarian culture where Christianity had not contacted until Hythlodays appearance. The main strict law that must be followed, which was made by Utopias author, Utopus, claims that any religion is passable in the event that it incorporates the idea of an afterlife.He composes this to a group of people who he accepts has lost all feeling of what Christianity really is. R.W. Chamber expresses, The Four Cardinal VirtuesWisdom, Fortitude, Temperance and Justicewere taken into the medieval systemand were adequate to guarantee that a man or a State may be a model of direct in mainstream matters(138). He says that pagan societies, similar to Utopia, depend on these Virtues that are auxiliary to, not a substitute for, the Christian virtues(138). Chambers thought recommends that More uses the idea of the Utopians, as barbarians, working in an effective but then Non-Christian culture, as evidence that since one says one is a Christian it doesn't imply that he/she carries on with a superior life than a rapscallion. It ought to be referenced that rapscallion was a censorious term in the sixteenth century that invokes pictures of brutes and ignoble turmoil. This play on Heathenism is Mores endeavor to investigate English Christians who

A Quiz About Clarity

A Quiz About Clarity A Quiz About Clarity A Quiz About Clarity By Mark Nichol Journalists typically don’t intend to be misleading when they keep in touch with one thing when they mean another; it’s simply that what they planned to impart isn't what they conveyed. The accompanying sentences exhibit a portion of the kinds of mistaken assumptions that outcome from imprudent piece. Take a stab at fixing the harm, and afterward investigate my answers at the base of the page: 1. â€Å"The after war rural perfect was a Cadillac and a fur garment like a film star.† 2. â€Å"His heritage was additionally one of social progressive, helpful, and artist.† 3. â€Å"A letter can be sent by means of the Pony Express reenactors at the 1860 cost of $5.† 4. â€Å"That set up history is being tested by an uncommon book gatherer and writer, John Doe and Jane Smith.† 5. â€Å"Although DNA testing is profoundly viable, those associated with criminal examinations don't generally utilize it in view of its high cost.† Answers 1. The sentence infers that the perfect was responsibility for things: a Cadillac, and a fur garment that looks like a famous actor. We realize it implies having a Cadillac and a fur garment, as famous actors were wont to do, yet the sentence falls flat since it doesn’t unequivocally express that. This amendment does: â€Å"The after war rural perfect was driving a Cadillac and wearing a fur garment, similar to a film star.† 2. The subject’s heritage can't be that of somebody with these personalities, yet it tends to be related with that of such an individual: â€Å"His inheritance was that of a social progressive, compassionate, and artist.† 3. The last expression of this sentence needs lucidity. The fact of the matter is that in 1860, sending a letter by Pony Express expense $5, and that today, for a similar sum a more unobtrusive aggregate than it was around 150 years back one can send a letter on a memorial ride did by reenactors. The sentence ought to be modified to make this relationship more clear: â€Å"A letter can be sent by means of the Pony Express reenactors for a similar charge it cost in 1860: $5.† 4. As composed, this sentence proposes that the challenger is a book gatherer and writer who is uncommon, and that the person’s name is John Doe and Jane Smith. Hyphenating uncommon and book to show that they collaborate to change gatherer, and reevaluating the sentence to join each single sobriquet to the separate name, makes all understood: â€Å"That built up history is being tested by an uncommon book authority, John Doe, and writer Jane Smith.† 5. DNA testing isn't constantly utilized of its significant expense? At that point for what reason is it constantly utilized? Back up somewhat the sentence implies that DNA testing’s significant expense confines the recurrence of its utilization. This significant qualification is passed on with the straightforward inversion of two expressions and the addition of a comma between them: â€Å"Although DNA testing is profoundly viable, as a result of its significant expense, those engaged with criminal examinations don't generally utilize it.† Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin getting our composing tips and activities day by day! Continue learning! Peruse the Grammar class, check our well known posts, or pick a related post below:How Many Tenses in English?50 Idioms About Fruits and VegetablesI wish I were...

Which Character In Book Thief Is Most Affected By The War - 550 Words

Which Character In The Book Thief Is Most Affected By The War, And How? (Essay Sample) Content: WHICH CHARACTER IN THE BOOK THIEF IS MOST AFFECTED BY THE WAR, AND HOW?First name Last NameSubject CodeOctober 1, 2017The Book Thief, by Marcus Zusak, brings out various themes such as love, death, suffering, morality and war; however, the latter is prominently ubiquitous throughout the book and at the same time propounded from varying points of views by different characters. Death, one of the major characters in the book, narrates events surrounding other characters and how they advance the aforementioned themes. War has not only brought suffering, pain and in some cases death, but also shaped the general course of events in the book. In addition, war is undoubtedly an overwhelming leitmotif which each character faces and embraces differently. Finding a general consensus on who suffers the most due to war is hugely a matter of personal opinion; nonetheless, several characters can be briefly analyzed to justify the eventual answer to this question.[Marcus Zusak, Th e Book Thief (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2006), 1-552] [Ibid 174] Throughout the novel, Liesel Meminger evolves from a young, nave and helpless girl into a strong, critical thinker and morally conscious young woman; conversely, it is clear that the war affected her tremendously. Liesel experiences various forms of losses and sufferings due to vagaries of war. Numerous people who are close to her die either directly or indirectly. From the narration of Death in Part Ten Himmel Street gets bombed. This causes deaths of many people such as Rudy, Mama, Papa, Holtzapfel, Diller and Tommy. In a rare twist of events, Liesel survives; but the deaths of her close friends and family members bring her pain. Max Vandenburg; who has built a close friendship with Liesel is captured on his way to Stuttgart and subsequently taken to Dachau camp with other Jews. From the narration of Death, seeing Max and other Jews being mistreated made Liesel sad and bitter towards the prevailing situation.[Ibid 20] [Ibid 31] As mentioned above, Max Vandenburg; just like other Jews, has to hides from the NAZIs. It is stated that he had to leave his family in order to save himself. This act makes him feel guilty. In addition, Max feels burdened by the fact that hiding in Hubermanns house endangers the latters lives. His sufferings is also manifested later when he is captured by the NAZIs on his way to Stuttgart and marched to the Dachau camp. Primarily, the fact that he is a Jew during this era is entirely attributable to his pain and sufferings.[Ibid 185] [Ibid 194] [Ibid 198] [Ibid 390] Other characters such as Ruby, Papa and Mama face the ultimate wra...

Free People Search Databases and Strategies

Are you looking for someone? A former classmate? Old friend? Military buddy? Birth parent? Lost relative? If so, then youre not alone. Thousands of people head online every day in search of details on missing people. And more and more of these people are finding success with their search, using the Internet to find names, addresses, phone numbers, occupations, and other current data on missing people. If youre in search of a missing person, try the following people search strategies: Obituaries This may seem morbid, but because obituary and death notices often list multiple family members and friends, they can help to confirm that you have located the correct individual, and also possibly provide a current location for your missing person, or his/her family members. Other types of newspaper notices can be equally helpful, including marriage announcements and stories about family reunions or anniversary parties. If you dont know the town where your target individual is located, then search newspaper or obituary archives across multiple locations and use combinations of search terms to narrow your search. If you know the name of another family member, for example, search for instances of that name (a sisters first name, mothers maiden name, etc.) in conjunction with the name of your target individual. Or include search terms such as an old street address, the town where they were born, the school they graduated from, their occupation — anything that helps to identify t hem from others with the same name. Online Phone Directories If you suspect the person lives in a particular area check for him or her in a variety of online phone directories. If you arent able to locate them, try searching for an old address which can provide a listing of neighbors and/or the name of the person currently residing in the home all of whom may know more about the present whereabouts of your missing person. You may also want to try a reverse-lookup by telephone number or email address. City Directories Another excellent resource for locating addresses is a city directory, a surprising number of which can now be found online. These have been published for over 150 years, in most U.S. cities. City directories are similar to telephone directories except that they include much more detailed information such as the name, address, and place of employment for every adult within a household. City directories also have sections similar to yellow pages which list area businesses, churches, schools, and even cemeteries. Most city directories can only be researched through libraries, though many more are making their way into Internet databases. School or Alumni Association If you know where the person went to high school or college, then check with the school or alumni association to see if he/she is a member. If you cant find information for the alumni association, then contact the school directly — most schools have Web sites online — or try one of the many school social networks or groups. Contact Professional Associations If you know what types of work or hobbies the person is involved with, then try contacting interest groups or professional associations for that field to learn whether he/she is a member. The ASAE Gateway to Associations Directory is a good place to learn what associations are active for various interests. Former Church If you know the individuals religious affiliation, churches or synagogues in the area where he/she last lived may be willing to confirm if he/she is a member, or whether the membership has been transferred to another house of worship. Free SSA Letter Forwarding Service If you know the missing persons social security number, the both the IRS and SSA offer a Letter Forwarding program whereby they will forward a letter to a missing individual on behalf of a private individual or government agency if this action is for a humane purpose or emergency situation, and there is no other way to relay the information to the individual. If you think the person may be deceased, then try a search in the free online Social Security Death Index which will provide information such as date of death and the address (zip code) where the lump sum death benefit was sent. If you are successful in finding the person you seek, it is time to take the next step - contacting him or her. Keep in mind as you approach this possible reunion that the person may resent the intrusion, so please tread with care. Hopefully, your reunion will be a joyous occasion, and you will never lose touch again.

The Immigration And Refugee Policies - 1191 Words

This paper will examine the immigration and refugee policies applied to Cubans and Salvadorans from the late-20th century, marking the initial surge of migrants from this region to the United States. The main reason that led to differences between Salvadoran and Cuban granted refugee status in the U.S. was the fact that Salvadorans were fleeing violence of regimes that the U.S. supported while Cubans were fleeing the U. S’s primary enemy, communism. This in turn led to different integration processes and acceptance into the state. The U. S’s Cold War policies of preventing the spread of communism depended on the U.S.’s Military interventions. However, the U.S. military occupations did not lead to democratic governments and more†¦show more content†¦President Ronald Reagan argued that this threatened the U.S. way of life and hemisphere as a whole and on May 9, 1984 addressed U.S. foreign policy allowing Cubans to come into the state as â€Å"political refugees† (Guerra,331). For the U.S. government, Cuban emigrants provided the rationale for continuing foreign policy aimed at containing communism and expanding the forces needed for battle (Guerra,340). Among the waves of Cubans who migrated to the United States, those who were benefited the most were the the elite and working class (Pedraza,265). Being made up of the upper class that had a good education and expertise resulted in a warm welcome and substantial economic opportunities. Cubans enjoyed near automatic entrance in the the U.S. through President Lyndon Johnson’s â€Å"open door† policy that allowed the entrance of refugees from communism. Under this joint policy the U.S. and Cuban government set up Freedom Flights that daily brought in Cubans for eight years which totaled more than 250,000 people (Pedraza,313). These social classes enjoyed automatic permanent residency status and additional benefits such as food, cash allotments, Cubans-only education programs, and other privileges never extended to other immigrants or minority groups. However, the third wave of migrants, the Marielitos, instead of being welcomed like they were in the past 20 years, the U.S. focused inordinately on the criminal element (Pedraza,270). This group

Behaviour of Clay Reinforced With Fibres †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Behaviour of Clay Reinforced With Fibres. Answer: Introduction: Clay soil is a cohesive soil with high compressibility and low permeability. This type of soil shrink under dry condition and swells in a wet condition. Clay soil is not appropriate for the majority of the projects of construction since it may lead to the foundation to easily crack leading to the cracking of wall. There is need of using a deep foundation like piling to prevent cracking of foundation. Piling is normally used in local industries of construction because of soft clay soil that is weak found in most sections of Brunei Darussalam. There have been numerous research on ground improvement in Brunei with an aim of widening treatment techniques of the clay soil to improve its performance(Akhtar, 2013). Through the process of soil stabilization, the issue of settlement can be prevented from happening during construction. The swelling and shrinkage of the soil can be minimized hence improving the soil stability for construction of structures. In this project, the soil improvement method discussed is the use of fibres to improve the characteristics of clay soil. The fibres will prevent the cracking of clay soil during construction hence minimizing the use of gravel and sand due to their high cost. In Brunei, the clay soil is not used in the construction rather it is excavated during construction and thrown away to a wasteland, the use of cocopeat will encourage the clay soil to be improved and effective for construction purposes. The cocopeat inclusions are cheaper and readily available since they are gotten from the coconut husk(Choudhry, 2014). The previous research on reinforcement of soil with cocopeat and the consolidation effects of clay soil are summarized in this section which majorly focuses on the techniques, procedures as well as the results. Unreinforced clay soil specimens prepared at 17.8kN/m3 of dry unit weight portrayed a very brittle behaviour with 0.9% failure. The specimens were made with the coir fibre content of 1.6%, 0.8%, and 0.4%. The full consolidation was assumed to occur after the level of water in the burette which is joined to the valve for drainage becomes constant. The results of the compaction show that the optimum content of moisture of the reinforced clay with untreated and treated coir fibre increases with an increase in the content of coir fibre(Kaniraj, 2014). The optimum moisture content of clay was 12%. The stress-strain behaviour of reinforced clay with diverse percentages of coir fibre is as shown in figure 1 below. The inclusion of CCL4 treated coir fibre to the clay resulted in greater frictional angle and cohesion improvement. Samples that are saturated were prepared for triaxial compression and conventional consolidation test. For the samples preparation, there was a consideration of the technique of slurry. The characteristic of the human hair strength was then determined by the test of tensile strength. The mechanical and physical properties of the used human hair are as shown in the figure below. When samples that are saturated are tested in the triaxial apparatus by the application of the back pressure, the method may take a long duration in case of longer dimensions of the samples. The human hair reinforced samples and unreinforced samples with the diverse percentage of human hair content of 30%, 20%, and 10% were mixed with water that is distilled to form the slurry(Shukla, 2016). The stress of deviator increases until unreinforced clay attains 15% axial strain, however, for the samples reinforced, the test proceeds until 20% axial strain is of. From the test of oedometer, the reinforced and unreinforced samples decrease in pressure as more human hair are added to the mixture(Pradhan, 2013). Some of the dynamic properties of a soil sample include tensile strength, compression, and shear properties. The damping ratio and shear modulus are the two major variable characteristics of the dynamic response of soil analysis. The specimens were prepared by mixing clay soil with different polypropylene monofilament fibres percentages. The compaction test was done on a mixture of polypropylene monofilament fibres with clay soil after a homogeneous mixture off. The optimum polypropylene monofilament fibres content was found to be 0.2% for the composite(Sivakumar, 2013). The damping ration against the shear strain of polypropylene monofilament fibres reinforced clay is as shown in the graph below: The inclusion of discrete coir fibre that is randomly distributed improves the strength parameters of the clay soil as in case of construction using reinforced concrete. The test of the model footing was conducted on the coir fibre reinforced clay with an aim of investigating the behaviour of pressure settlement of coir fibre reinforced clay that is randomly distributed and the impacts of the content of coir fibre on the bearing capacity(Vasan, 2017). The results of the maximum dry density for reinforced and unreinforced clay soil using the standard Proctor compaction test is as shown in the figures 3(a) and (b) below: The model footing test was done for reinforced clay and unreinforced clay 1.0%, 0.75%, 0.5%, and 0.25% cocopeat for 25mm, 50mm, and 100mm thickness. The curve of load settlement for reinforced and unreinforced clay are as shown in the figures 4(a) and (b) below: No. Author and Year Fibre Preparation of Sample Experiment Performed Results 1 (Choudhry, 2014) Coir fibre The coir fibre content of 1.6%, 0.8%, and 0.4% Consolidation test The results of the compaction show that the optimum content of moisture of the reinforced clay with untreated and treated coir fibre increases with an increase in the content of coir fibre. The optimum moisture content of clay was 12%. 2 (Mali, 2017) Human hair The diverse percentage of human hair content of 30%, 20%, and 10% were mixed with water Triaxial compression and conventional consolidation test The stress of deviator increases until unreinforced clay attains 15% axial strain, however, for the samples reinforced, the test proceeds until 20% axial strain is attained 3 (Shukla, 2016) Polypropylene monofilament fibres The specimens were prepared by mixing clay soil with different Polypropylene monofilament fibres percentages The compaction test The optimum polypropylene monofilament fibres content was found to be 0.2% for the composite. An increase in the values of shear modulus and damping ration was noted for clay with cocopeat at low ranges of shear strain. 4 (Kaniraj, 2014) Coir Fibre The reinforced clay and unreinforced clay 1.0%, 0.75%, 0.5%, and 0.25% cocopeat for 25mm, 50mm, and 100mm thickness The standard Proctor compaction test There is a significant improvement is bearing capacity of clay soil with the inclusion of coir fibre. Bibliography Choudhry, D., 2014. Mechanical behaviour of polypropylene and human hair fibres and polypropylene reinforced polymeric composites. Michigan: Int J Mech Ind Eng. Kaniraj, A., 2014. The geotechnical behaviour of fly ash mixed with randomly oriented fibre inclusions. New Delhi: Geotext Geomembr. Mali, S., 2017. Strength Behaviour of Cohesive Soils Reinforced with Fibers. Colorado: International Journal of Civil Engineering Research. Pradhan, V., 2013. Effect of random inclusion of polypropylene fibres on strength of cohesive soil. Bangkok: Geotech Geol Eng. Puppala, A., 2011. Effect of fibre reinforcement on strength and volume change in expansive soils. New York: Transportation Research Record. Shukla, B., 2016. The behaviour of plastic waste fibre-reinforced industrial waste in pavement applications. Mumbai: Int J Geotech Eng. Sivakumar, B., 2013. Influence of randomly distributed coir fibres on the shear strength of clay. London: Geotechnical and Geological Engineering.

Unfold by Marie Digby free essay sample

This is a tribute/music review to my idol and mentor Marie Digby. She is a half-Irish half-Japanese American singer. You can find her music on iTunes and on Youtube. Marie is best known for her song Umbrella (an acoustic cover for the famous singer Rihannas popular song); however, she has created many of her own songs which are even better. Her first original song was Stupid for You, appearing on Youtube in May of 2007. It turns comedic in the video when her dog runs up to her piano in her backyard. Her second song, shot in June 2007, is featured on a beautiful day at the beach. She sings Say it Again, one of my favorite songs that I always find myself singing. Many of you may watch the TV show Ugly Betty. Marie announces it is one of her favorites and actually rights a song about it. It is surprisingly one of my favorites and is definitely one of her bests. We will write a custom essay sample on Unfold by Marie Digby or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Her most beautiful but sad song that she has ever sung is Miss Invisible. It is very similar to my experiences and is why I love her. Its about her time in middle school and how she got through it. I have tears in my eyes every time I hear it. She has many other beautiful songs on her Album Unfold. I do recommend this to all lovers of music. Recently she has released a new album called Breathing Underwater which is supposed to be very good. In fact, I am asking my mom for it for Christmas! More on this beautiful artist in January!!!

Phosphate Removal by Struvite Crystallization

Phosphate Removal by Struvite Crystallization Abstract Human activities continue to threaten the purity of water by releasing pollutants from industries and domestic water usage. When phosphates in aqueous solutions gain access into water bodies, they lead to the abnormal growth of algae, which reduces the concentration of dissolved oxygen. Therefore, phosphates in aqueous solutions must be reduced before the solutions are released into water bodies.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Phosphate Removal by Struvite Crystallization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, high phosphate prices necessitate techniques that enable the recycling of phosphates. One method of removing phosphates from aqueous solutions involves the formation of struvite, a complex salt made of magnesium, ammonium and phosphate. Struvite crystallization requires an alkaline pH between 8 and 10 and temperatures between 20 oC and 25 oC. A delicate balance in the quantities of key ions such as magnesium, phosphate and ammonium is necessary for the success of the method. Therefore, the process can be modified through the addition of the deficient ions. Various studies report success of the method with varying quantities of phosphates recovered as struvite from different aqueous solutions. The recovered struvite is commonly applied as fertilizer thereby recycling phosphates. Therefore, it can be concluded that phosphate removal through struvite crystallization is an economical and efficient recovering phosphates from aqueous solutions. Introduction Domestic water use and industrial activities lead to the production of aqueous solutions in the form of wastewater, which hold certain quantities of useful elements, for instance, magnesium, phosphorus and nitrogen. However, these substances have a negative impact on the aquatic environment when present at high concentrations. Therefore, it is important to safeguard the integrity of water bodies by ensuring that the se elements do not gain access into water bodies at lethal concentrations. Several techniques have been developed to reduce the amount of phosphates in aqueous solutions before they are discharged into water bodies. This paper looks at struvite crystallization as a method of phosphate removal from aqueous solutions. Phosphate Chemistry Le Corre et al. describe a phosphate as a salt formed from phosphoric acid [1]. Phosphates can also exist as organic compounds in the form of organophosphates, which are esters of phosphoric acid. The phosphate ion comprises five atoms, which are a phosphorus atom and four oxygen atoms arranged in a tetrahedral fashion with the phosphorus atom enclosed by the oxygen atoms.Advertising Looking for research paper on chemistry? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The chemical formula of the phosphate ion is written as PO43-. The molecular weight of this radical is equivalent to 94.97 grams per mole. The creation of a phosphate compound entails the addition of an atom with a positive charge to the phosphate radical, which possesses a negative charge. As a result, an ionic complex is produced. The precise solubility of phosphates relies on the positively charged atom that combines with the phosphate anion. For example, phosphates of alkali metals (rubidium, cesium, potassium, and sodium) as well as ammonium are soluble in water. The phosphates of other metals only show solubility to a limited extent. Sources of Phosphates The element phosphorus exists naturally in the form of phosphates, which are present in rocks. The pure form of phosphorus is usually obtained from mined phosphate rocks. Capdevielle et al. indicate that approximately 90% of all the mined phosphorus is used in farming as synthetic fertilizers due to the importance of phosphates to the health of flora and fauna [2]. The remaining 10% of phosphorus is used in industrial applications such as the manufacture of detergents (sodium tripolyphosphates- Na5P3O10), production of safety matches, gasoline additives, plastics, and transistors in electronic gadgets. A small fraction is used as food supplements as well as in the production of phosphate salts. The phosphate salts are used by clinicians to treat low phosphate levels in the blood and to counter the effect of excessive blood calcium levels. Other medical uses of phosphate salts are as a laxative and antacid. Therefore, urine tends to have significant quantities of phosphates. Most of the industrial processes release their effluents into water bodies such as lakes and rivers. These effluents often lead to detrimental effects on animals living in these water bodies. The domestic use of detergents releases phosphates into water bodies via drainage pipes, which further exacerbates the problem of phosphate pollution. In addition, the natural process of decomposition of organic substances releases significant quantities of phosphorus into t he surroundings. The naturally occurring sources of phosphates such as fluorapatite may leach and release phosphates into water bodies. Wastewater treatment plants also release substantial amounts of phosphates into the environment.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Phosphate Removal by Struvite Crystallization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Harmful Effects of Phosphates Surface runoff of phosphates from agricultural lands, domestic water use and industries causes the eutrophication of water bodies. US EPA explains that eutrophication arises when algae present in water bodies grow at a rate much faster than is safe for a balanced ecosystem [3]. As a result, the water body becomes clogged with algae as well as other green plants that gradually turn the water body into a swamp and ultimately into a meadow. Eutrophication also affects the animals that live in the water. According to Mylavarapu [4], the excessi ve plant growth leads to a deficit of oxygen resulting in the suffocation (anoxia) of aquatic animals. In humans, excessive consumption of phosphates in food or as supplements leads to complications in patients with renal failure due to the spontaneous crystallization of phosphates as struvite hence causing bladder stones. Removal of Phosphates According to Le Corre et al. [1], the harmful effects of phosphates in water bodies have led to the formulation of regulations to monitor the quantities of phosphates that are allowed into water bodies. Wastewater treatment plants are usually responsible for the detoxification of aqueous solutions in the form of wastewater. However, most of these plants receive wastewater that contains phosphates at levels that surpass the maximum allowable limits. Therefore, there is a need to reduce the quantities of phosphates in effluents from various processes before discharge into water bodies. Consequently, a number of techniques that remove phosphates have been devised. These methods include physical, biological and chemical methods. Physical methods of phosphate removal include filtration to get rid of particulate phosphates. Filtration is efficient if a large proportion of the total suspended solids comprises phosphates. The wastewater is passed through sand or membranes. Membranes have an added advantage of removing dissolved phosphates in addition to the particulate phosphates. Membrane bioreactors, tertiary membrane filtration and reverse osmosis structures have been developed.Advertising Looking for research paper on chemistry? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Chemical methods include precipitation and crystallization. In precipitation, certain elements are added to the wastewater at different points. These elements react with phosphate ions forming insoluble phosphate salts that are removed by filtration or crystallization. Precipitation is thought to remove phosphates to levels between 0.005 and 0.04 mg per litre of wastewater. However, the key disadvantage of precipitation is that it increases the amount of sludge produced. A novel technique is the elimination of phosphates with the formation of struvite, which is a white crystalline solid. Struvite is a compound produced by the unprompted combination of ammonium, magnesium and phosphates in equimolar quantities. The following equation illustrates the chemical reaction that leads to struvite formation. Mg2+ + NH4+ +HnPO43-n + 6H2O = MgNH4PO4.6H2O + nH+ Biological methods of phosphate removal include assimilation and enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR). During the process of a ssimilation, wastewater is put in treatment ponds containing photosynthetic plants such as algae, which have huge phosphate requirements. Wastewater is also applied to agricultural land in the course of planting seasons. EBPR uses phosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs) that amass polyphosphates as energy stores in specialized granules. EBPR is very effective and has the capability of attaining phosphate levels as low as 0.1 milligrams in effluent. Research Results Struvite crystallization is a method that leads to the formation of struvite, a chemical compound consisting of magnesium, aluminium and phosphate at equal concentrations. The process was named after a German geographer Heinrich Christian Gottfried von Struve who first identified it. At optimum conditions of temperature and pH, magnesium, phosphate and ammonium ions present in an aqueous solution crystallize spontaneously to form struvite. The process can also occur naturally in animal urine and seafood. Struvite crystall ization is used as a technique for eliminating phosphate ions from aquatic solutions prior to the disposal of such solutions. The process yields struvite, which is effective as manure in the agricultural sector. In addition, struvite crystallization is useful in the recycling of phosphates due to the escalating price of phosphates. Sensitive water purification processes such as reverse osmosis also benefit from struvite crystallization as a pre-treatment method for wastewater. The process has found immense applications in sewage and wastewater treatment plants. Removal of Phosphorus from Landfill Leachate and the Effect of Calcium ions on Struvite Crystallization Elimination of phosphates from an aqueous solution comprising synthetic wastewater and landfill leachate was carried out by Hassidou et al. [5] in Tunisia. The leachate was obtained from the Jbel Chakir landfill site, the biggest landfill in Tunisia that held domestic solid wastes from the greater Tunis region. Certain ions such as calcium were thought to have a significant influence on the process of struvite crystallization. The particular aspects that encountered the effect of calcium ions were the amount, shape and clarity of the commodity recovered. Therefore, the researchers aimed at investigating the process of calcium carbonate precipitation during the elimination of phosphates with struvite removal. The technique also intended to improve the cost efficiency of the method by shortening the continuous aeration time and determining the precise nucleation time for struvite. Condensed air was used to purge dissolved carbon dioxide gas from the solution thereby increasing the pH of the solution. Precipitation occurred when the conditions changed from acidic to alkaline. Figure 1: Changes in pH with time during phosphate removal with struvite formation and controlled degassing [5]. Three distinct steps were witnessed as depicted by figure 1. In the first phase, the pH rose rapidly due to the elimin ation of carbon dioxide, which lowered the acid content of the solution. A peak was attained at a pH of 8.3 followed by a steady decline (the second phase). The decline was attributed to the nucleation and enlargement of the struvite crystal. The last phase revealed a steady increase in the pH, which was because of an increase in the carbon dioxide escaping from the system. The maximum pH (8.3) was attained after seventeen minutes implying that the nucleation time and pH for struvite formation were 8.3 and 17 minutes respectively. The amount of soluble phosphorus that was present in the wastewater after 60 minutes was 1.5 millimoles and 2.6 millimoles in the leachate. Hassidou et al. [5] indicated that at the end of the run, the efficiency of phosphate removal was 61.19% in the leachate and 77.61 in synthetic wastewater. Those findings implied that impurities such as calcium ions interfered with the process of crystallization and the efficiency of the technique. Removal of Phosphate s from an Aqueous Solution from Animal Manure by Struvite Crystallization alongside Carbon Dioxide Degassing Zhang et al. [6] used a continuous U-shaped reactor in the removal of phosphates from an aqueous solution from animal manure. The reactor comprised three distinct zones namely the aeration crystallization region (1 dm3), the region of crystal growth (0.5 dm3) and the zone of crystal and supernatant separation (0.5 dm3). Figure 2: Continuous U-shaped reactor arrangement [6]. It was realized that the amount of phosphates obtained was lower (between 47% and 53%) when struvite was allowed to form spontaneously than when the wastewater was supplemented with magnesium (as MgCl2 at 57.5 mg per liter). The addition of magnesium yielded a phosphate recovery ratio of between 80% and 86%. Additionally, preformed struvite was the most effective seeding material compared to sand and stainless steel. These outcomes differed from the efficiency obtained by Hassidou et al. [5] in a similar degassing technique. However, the pH at which nucleation began was almost similar in both studies. A water extraction test revealed that the struvite obtained was very useful as a slow release fertilizer. Struvite Precipitation in Combination with Reverse Osmosis Sewage sludge was mostly treated by anaerobic digestion with biogas production. Karabegovic et al. [7] reported that the process of anaerobic digestion reduced the organic content of wastewater since the microbes involved often consumed macromolecules such as fats, proteins and carbohydrates. Approximately an eighth of the organic matter in wastewater was used up while a tenth was transformed into composite organic substances. The residual tenth was part of the post-digestion liquor and was accountable for the high chemical oxygen demand (COD) of such fluids. Reverse osmosis (RO) was an effective technique of ridding the post-digestion liquor of contaminants. However, its efficacy was marred by high concentrations of ammoni um ions that could not be contained by the RO membranes. Bohdziewicz and Kuglarz [8] used struvite accumulation as a pretreatment technique of post-digestion liquors prior to reverse osmosis. Struvite was removed at a temperature of 20 oC and pH of between 9.0 and 9.5, which was significantly higher than the pH used by Hassidou et al. [5], Zhang et al. [6] and Harrison et al. [9]. It was realized that the amount of ammonium ions surpassed the stoichiometric ratio required to form struvite while the concentrations of phosphate and magnesium were less than the needed amount. Therefore, Bohdziewicz and Kuglarz [8] used phosphoric acid as well as a combination of the oxide and chloride of magnesium to amend the concentrations of magnesium and phosphate ions before the crystallization. It was reported that the technique achieved a phosphate removal rate of 87% to 92% before the adjustment of the concentrations of magnesium and phosphorus. Conversely, a phosphate removal rate of between 9 8% and 99% was attained when the ratios were adjusted. The removal of COD was also affected by the form in which the magnesium ions were added. Magnesium in the form of MgO led to a higher COD removal value than the addition of Mg as MgCl2. That observation was attributed to the traits of Mg(OH)2 that led to the precipitation of dissolved organic compounds alongside struvite. The efficiency of reverse osmosis was higher following the pretreatment of post-digestion liquor by struvite removal. Figure 3: The effect of pretreatment of post-digestion liquor by struvite precipitation on reverse osmosis [8]. Continuous Reaction Crystallization of Struvite from an Aqueous Solution Containing Phosphate (V) and Nitrate (V) ions Hutnik et al. [10] investigated the removal of phosphates from solutions that contained between 0.2% and 1% of phosphates by mass and 0.0443% to 0.866% nitrate (V) ions by mass. The processes were performed in two different phases. A continuous struvite reaction cryst allization unit was operated with the concentrations of magnesium, phosphate and ammonium at stoichiometric proportions. The second phase involved a DT MSMPR crystallizer (Draft Tube, Mixed Suspension Mixed Product Removal) where magnesium ions were in excess by approximately 20%. The temperatures in both phases were 25 oC and the pH ranged from 9 to 11. In addition, crystallization was allowed to take place for durations between 15 minutes and one hour. Hutnik et al. [10] investigated the effect of pH and the ions on the quality of struvite crystals formed. Hutnik et al. [10] observed that as the concentration of nitrates in the aqueous solution was increased, the average size of the crystals decreased by approximately ca. 29%. In addition, there was no uniformity in the size of crystals formed. On the other hand, Hutnik et al. [10] realized that elevating the pH had a negative effect on the quality of struvite crystals formed as smaller irregular crystals were formed. It was also noted that a reduction in the concentration of phosphate ions caused an increase in the crystal size by about ca. 23%. Longer reaction times led to an increase in the size and uniformity of the crystals formed. Moreover, the elevation of the concentration of magnesium ions was found to favor struvite crystallization leading to the formation of large tubular crystals. Figure 4: Scanning electron microscope images of the crystals obtained from crystallization using 0.0886% of nitrates (a) and 0.443% of nitrates (b) [10]. Figure 5: Scanning electron microscope images showing the effect of pH and reaction time on the size of crystal formed. In (a), the conditions were pH 11 and a reaction time of 15 minutes, whereas in (b) the conditions were pH 9 and a reaction time of one hour. The concentration of nitrate (V) ions in both cases was 0.0886% [10]. Struvite Crystallization from Diluted Aqueous Solution of Phosphate (V) Ions in the Presence of Magnesium Ions Excess Kozik et al. [11] in vestigated the crystallization of struvite from an aqueous solution containing phosphate (V) ions at a concentration of 0.2 % by weight. A DT MSMPR type crystallizer was used at a temperature of 25 oC and a pH range from 8.5 to 10. Additionally, the concentration of magnesium ions surpassed the stoichiometric ratio for struvite formation by a fifth. The average residence time for the crystallization process was between 900 and 3600 seconds. Kozik et al. [11] reported that crystals of average sizes ranging from ca. 19 to ca. 3 were obtained. A pH of 8.5 for 3600 seconds yielded decently sized crystals with satisfactory homogeneity. Kozik et al. [11] reported that at those conditions, the rate of linear growth of the crystals was between 3.62 x 10-9 and 1.68 x 10-8 metres per second. The presence of excess magnesium ions during struvite crystallization improved the production of struvite. However, the quality of the crystals was somehow affected. Kozik et al. [11] reported that the co ncentration of phosphate ions in the original aqueous solution decreased from 0.2% by weight to 9-92 milligrams per kilogram of the aqueous solution implying that the process was effective in recovering phosphates from aqueous solutions. It was noted that the optimum crystallization was obtained at the same reaction conditions as those reported by Hutnik et al. [10]. Phosphate Removal by Struvite Recovery in a Microbial Electrolysis Cell Cusick and Logan reported that microbial electrolysis cells offered the most cost-effective way of struvite recovery from aqueous solutions [12]. Uninterrupted chemical supplementation and blower operations significantly increased the cost of struvite by approximately 400 dollars per ton of struvite recovered compared to about 50 dollars spent on production of phosphorus from phosphate deposits. The quantities of chemicals added contributed to about 97% of the total amount spent on struvite precipitation. Therefore, it was necessary to minimize the costs of struvite formation from wastewater to make the entire process economically viable. Microbial electrolysis cells simultaneously produced hydrogen gas and removed phosphates from wastewater without the need for chemical addition and large energy inputs. The two types of cathodes used by Cusick and Logan were mesh and plate cathodes both made of stainless steel. Struvite recovery rates ranging from 20% to 40% were obtained, which were significantly lower than the values reported by Hassidou et al. [5], Zhang et al. [6] and Harrison et al. [9]. However, the process was more efficient (73%) than the conventional struvite recovery procedures in terms of energy requirements. It was realized that net cathodes were more efficient than the flat cathodes. It was concluded that additional research and optimization of the microbial electrochemical cells could save a substantial amount of energy during phosphate removal from wastewater. The Effect of Temperature, Reaction Time, and pH on the Amount of Phosphates Recovered as Struvite from Aqueous Solutions Ahmad and Idris [13] investigated the parameters that affected the process of struvite crystallization during phosphate removal. Aerobically digested wastewater was used in the investigation. Temperatures higher than 100 oC were applied to sludge following the treatment of wastewater. The amount of soluble phosphates was quantified in the wastewater as the heating temperature rose. Ahmad and Idris realized that the amount of phosphorus released into the wastewater increased with an increase in temperature and time of heating [13]. Figure 6: The influence of temperature on the quantities of dissolved phosphorus [13]. The concentration of dissolved and suspended phosphorus was 3.4 and 4.6 mg per liter prior to heating. However, the highest amount of liberated phosphorus was attained following heating at 175 oC for 100 minutes. The release of phosphorus with an increase in temperature was attributed to microbial ce lls whose membranes were disrupted following heating leading to the release of phosphorus. It was also realized that more phosphorus was released into the wastewater at low pH. Ahmad and Idris attained the highest levels of phosphorus release were attained at pH of 2 (48.9 milligrams per liter) and pH of 4 (48.6 milligrams per liter) [13]. The reason for that occurrence was that the majority of phosphates in wastewater sludge were organophosphates that were easily liberated by heating. Figure 7: Influence of pH on the release of phosphorus [13]. A separate investigation by Yariv and Holger investigated the prospects of raising the pH of aqueous solutions by exclusion of carbon dioxide and using gases such as plain air, oxygen and nitrogen to replace the vacuum left by CO2 [14]. The pH of the solution was monitored by a computer-regulated setup. Yariv and Holger [14] observed that plain air eliminated carbon dioxide leading to an increase in pH up to 8.53. Pure nitrogen, conversely, elevated the pH of the solution to 10.4 after one day. A separate trial where carbon dioxide was eliminated by precipitation as calcium carbonate increased the pH to about 9.4. All these pH values were within the optimum range required for struvite precipitation. Yariv and Holger [14] concluded that it was possible to reduce the costs of struvite precipitation by using air instead of chemicals to raise the pH of aqueous solutions. The Effect of Copper (II) Ions on the Quality of Struvite Produced It was thought that impurities affected the crystallization of struvite. Therefore, Hutnik et al. [15] sought to determine the effect of copper ions in aqueous solutions on struvite crystallization. An aqueous solution containing 1 to 2% of phosphate ions by mass and 0.5 milligrams of copper ions per kilogram of solution was used. Struvite crystallization was performed at stoichiometric conditions and magnesium ion excess. Hutnik et al. [15] noted that the presence of copper ions in the re actor increased the size of struvite crystals by 6% at stoichiometric conditions. However, lowering the phosphate concentration and increasing the quantity of magnesium yielded 9% to 13% larger crystals. Table 1: The effect of copper ions of struvite crystals at a temperature of 25 oC, pH 9 and mean residence time of 900 seconds [15]. Figure 8: The morphology of struvite crystals produced in the presence of copper (II) ions [15]. Analysis of the final product revealed the presence of copper (II) hydroxide at concentrations ranging from 6 to 90 milligrams per kilogram. It was concluded that the presence of copper ions promoted the formation of tubular struvite crystals. Struvite Formation from Human Urine Etter et al. [16] investigated the possibility of using human urine to concentrate phosphates for agricultural use. Urine used in the study was collected from Siddhipur village in Nepal because of the common practice of the creation of urine separation pits in the community. Magne sium oxide from a local magnesite was used as a magnesium source. Etter et al. [16] reported that more than 90% of phosphates was recovered from the reactor with an external filtration unit with minimal usage of magnesium oxide (1.1 moles of magnesium per 1 mole of phosphate) in one hour. Rough nylon filters were used in the filtration unit. Conversely, a separate sedimentation setup yielded only 40% of phosphates. Etter et al. [16] concluded that large volumes of urine were needed for the process to yield substantial volumes of struvite. The designing of struvite crystallization machinery must put into consideration factors such as the growth rate of the struvite crystals and the supersaturation of the aqueous solutions. For this reason, several studies have been carried out to model the process of struvite recovery. Harrison et al. [9] focused their attention on the dynamics of struvite crystallization with the aid of a computer package referred to as MINTEQA2. Harrison et al. [9] reported that the software determined struvite as being insoluble at moderately alkaline pH and that temperature did not have a substantial effect on the solubility of struvite. Those findings implied that optimum crystallization was supposed to take place at moderately basic conditions. The formation of large crystals implied that more of the dissolved struvite was incorporated into the crystals hence translating to higher struvite recovery rates from the solutions. However, despite those observations, various studies continued to obtain varying quantities of struvite from wastewater and other aqueous solutions. For example, Zhang et al. [6] reported improved efficiencies when magnesium was supplemented (80-86% recovery rates) compared to 47-53% recovery rates when crystallization was allowed to take place spontaneously without magnesium supplementation. In both instances, Zhang et al. [6] used temperatures of 25 oC and the pH range described by Harrison et al. [9]. Conversely, Ha ssidou et al. [5] obtained phosphate removal rates of 61.19% from leachate and 77.61% from synthetic wastewater. Otter et al. [16] were able to recover up to 90% phosphates from human urine. These variations in struvite recovery rates suggested that there were certain aspects in the compositions of the aqueous solutions that altered the struvite recovery rates. The contentious issue, therefore, became the optimum conditions for the most efficient removal of phosphates from aqueous solutions. It was hypothesized that factors other than temperature and pH affected the kinetics and efficacy of struvite crystallization. Therefore, there was a need to ascertain the precise factors and their consequences on struvite crystallization. Hutnik et al. [10], Kozik et al., [11] and Hutnik et al. [15] looked at the efficiency of the formation of struvite crystals under varying concentrations of various ions such as nitrates phosphates and magnesium. Hutnik et al. [10] and Kozik et al. [11] noted that better crystallization rates were obtained with magnesium concentrations that surpassed the stoichiometric concentrations in struvite. Zhang et al. [6] observed that higher struvite yields corresponding to higher phosphate removal rates were attained with magnesium supplementation. These observations deduced that in spite of struvite formation occurring at the stoichiometric concentrations of magnesium, ammonium and phosphates, an excess of magnesium ions enhanced the process of crystallization. The effect of interfering ions on struvite crystallization was also investigated by Ahmad and Idris [13] and Hutnik et al. [15]. Ahmad and Idris [13] observed that calcium ions acted as impurities and lowered struvite crystallization rates. These observations suggested that the presence of other cations in aqueous solutions was likely to lower struvite crystallization. On the other hand, contrary to the expectations, Hutnik et al. [15] realized that copper ions augmented struvite crysta llization and even led to the formation of large crystal sizes. Conclusion From all the papers reviewed in this research, it was evident that struvite formation occurred at alkaline pH between 8 and 10 and temperatures between 20 oC and 25 oC. The optimum pH was attained by the removal of carbon dioxide gas. The resultant struvite was useful as a slow release manure, which did not require additional processing apart from washing and drying. The conditions in the reacting vessels were adjusted to optimize struvite formation, for example, through the addition of magnesium ions to ensure that the reactants were in the right proportions according to the molecular formula of struvite. It was noted that adding magnesium as magnesium oxide led to lower COD values than when it was added as magnesium chloride. However, Capdevielle et al. [2] and Capdevielle et al. [17] noted that magnesium oxide significantly increased the amount of struvite recovered. Overall, excessive magnesium ions led t o better rates of struvite crystallization. The presence of interfering cations such as calcium ions lowered the efficacy of crystallization while copper ions augmented crystallization. From these findings, it appeared as though there could be additional undiscovered factors that affected struvite crystallization. Therefore, further investigations could be carried out to establish the additional factors that influenced phosphate removal from aqueous solutions through struvite crystallization. Struvite precipitation was also used as a pretreatment technique to improve the efficiency of other purification methods such as reverse osmosis. Therefore, this research concluded that the removal of phosphate from aqueous solutions via struvite formation was an efficient method of preventing the pollution of water bodies and recycling phosphates. References [1] K. S. Le Corre, E. Valsami-Jones, P. Hobbs, and S. A. Parsons, â€Å"Phosphorus Recovery from Wastewater by Struvite Crystallization : A Review.† Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 39 no. 2009, pp. 433–477, May 2009. [2] A. Capdevielle, E. Sà ½korov, F. Bà ©line, and M. Daumer, â€Å"Kinetics of struvite precipitation in synthetic biologically treated swine wastewaters.† Environmental Technology, vol. 35, no. 10, pp. 1250-1260, Jan. 2014. [3] US EPA. â€Å"Nutrient pollution.† Internet: https://www.epa.gov/nutrientpollution/issue, Mar. 16 2014 [May 18 2014]. [4] R. Mylavarapu. â€Å"Impact of phosphorus on water quality.† Internet: http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ss490, Apr. 14 2014 [May 18 2014]. [5] S. Hassidou, T. Ismail and B. A. Mohamed, â€Å"Phosphorous removal from Tunisian landfill leachate through struvite precipitation under controlled degassing technique.† Desalination and Water Treatment, vol. 21, no. 2010, pp. 295–302, Sep. 2010. [6] T. Zhang, P. Li, C. Fang, and R. Jiang, â€Å"Phosphate recovery from animal manure wastewater b y struvite crystallization and CO2 degasification reactor.† Ecological Chemical Engineering Science, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 89-99, 2014. [7] L. Karabegovic, M. Uldal, A. Werker and F. Morgan-Sagastume, â€Å"Phosphorus recovery potential from a waste stream with high organic and nutrient contents via struvite precipitation,† Environmental Technology, vol. 34, no. 7, pp. 871-883, Aug. 2013. [8] J. Bohdziewicz and M. Kuglarz, â€Å"Treatment of post-digestion liquors with the application of struvite precipitation and reverse osmosis.† Desalination and Water Treatment, vol. 5, no. 2013, pp. 366–373, Jan. 2013. [9] M. L. Harrison, M. R. Johns, E. T. White, and C. M. Mehta, â€Å"Growth rate kinetics for struvite crystallization.† Chemical Engineering Transactions, vol. 25, no. 2011, pp. 309-314, 2011. [10] N. Hutnik, B. Wierzbowska, K. Piotrowski, and A. Matynia. â€Å"Continuous reaction crystallization of struvite from solution containing phosphate (V) and nitrate (V) ions.† The Online Journal of Science and Technology, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 68-66, Apr. 2013. [11] A. Kozik, H. Nina, P. Krzysztof, and M. Andrzej. â€Å"Continuous reaction crystallization of struvite from diluted aqueous solution of phosphate(V) ions in the presence of magnesium ions excess.† Chemical Engineering Research Design, vol. 92, no. 3, pp. 481-489, Mar. 2014. [12] R. D. Cusick and B. E. Logan, â€Å"Phosphate recovery as struvite within a single chamber microbial electrolysis cell.† Bioresource Technology, vol. 107, no. 2012, pp. 110-115, 2012. [13] A. A. Ahmad and A. Idris, â€Å"Release and recovery of phosphorus from wastewater treatment sludge via struvite precipitation.† Desalination and Water Treatment, vol. 2013, pp. 1-8, Jun. 2013. [14] C. Yariv and K. Holger, â€Å"Increasing the pH of wastewater to high levels with different gases- CO2 stripping.† Water, Air and Soil Pollution, vol. 159, no.2004, pp. 265-275, Jun. 2004. [15] N. Hutnik, B. Wierzbowska, K. Piotrowski, and A. Matynia. â€Å"Effect of copper (II) ions on quality of struvite produced in continuous reaction crystallization process at the magnesium ions excess.† Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science, vol. 2013, no. 3, pp. 1-6, May. 2013. [16] B. Etter, E. Tilley, R. Khadka, and K. M. Udert â€Å"Low-cost struvite production using source-separated urine in Nepal.† Water Research, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 852-862, Jan. 2011. [17] A. Capdevielle, E. Sykorov, B. Biscans, F. Bà ©line, and M. Daumer, â€Å"Optimization of struvite precipitation in synthetic biologically treated swine wastewater- Determination of the optimal process parameters.† Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 244-245, no. 2013, pp. 357-369, 2013.

A Critique of Tess Onwueme’s Tell It to Women Essay Example for Free

A Critique of Tess Onwueme’s Tell It to Women Essay ? To Women, we travel back to a Nigerian village in postcolonial Africa. The story enlightens the audience about the dichotomy of traditionalism versus modernism and the ways in which different cultures interact. It ends by revealing the true meaning of culture; the real quality in a society that arises from a passion for what is excellent in arts, manners, and customs. Overall, the play discusses the role of women within this Nigerian village and largely examines the conflict of whether it is better to advance with the rest of the world, or to hold on to the traditions that truly make a society independent and beautiful. The play begins with Yemoja, the most important woman in the village, in a house with Daisy and Ruth, two feminist western-educated scholars. They are the primary antagonists in the play. At this early stage, we see that Daisy and Ruth are not fond of Yemoja. Daisy and Ruth are leaders of the â€Å"Better Life for Rural Women† campaign, which inspires women to believe that they are not only equal to men in many ways, but are even superior in others. The two of them select Yemoja as the mediator between the village and the western world that they are so desperate to force upon the women. The movement causes a great disturbance in the village between the men and women, and especially with Yemoja’s husband and father. Back in Daisy’s home, she has been getting into many disagreements with her family. Her husband Okei, disagrees with her passion about the feminist movement and they frequently fight about it. Her mother-in-law, Sherifat, still encourages Yemoja to participate in the village’s traditional tribal rituals. Sherifat expresses that it would a terrible fate if Yemoja attempts to assimilate to the modern culture and loses her roots. As the story goes on, Daisy becomes estranged from her daughter Bose, as Bose is beginning to understand more and more the culture of the village and becomes closer to Yemoja and Sherifat. Towards the end of the play, the villagers organize a march, for which Daisy gives Yemoja steps to teach to the rest of the women. It becomes clear to Yemoja at that point that western culture is not for them. Daisy and Ruth’s superior arrives to enlighten the women about her ideas of feminism. She is the one that will decide whether or not the movement has succeeded or not. When it is time for Yemoja to perform the dance, however, she and Sherifat perform one of the Idu rituals instead. Bose even joins in the dancing. Ruth falls and becomes extremely injured while Daisy is thrust into the middle of the action. The play ends here in a beautifully tragic scene as Ruth chokes to death while the rest of the villagers celebrate having revitalized their culture. Tess Onwueme’s play was delightfully written and captivating to any audience. The story was intriguing and definitely matched it’s title. Now I see that, Tell It To Women, is a statement on how the women of the village are always being told to do or be something. Whether it is by Daisy and Ruth or by their husbands, the women never really find their own voice until the very end. We see in the first movement, Sherifat telling the chorus of women that being a wife is â€Å"meaning that a wife deserves to be treated like a daughter and not something that you possess. † Yet, throughout much of the story, we see the women being treated like servants and as subhuman to Daisy and Ruth, the village men, and western civilization as a whole. However, I believe that even as a woman, the author was at times, very objective in her portrayal of feminism. She was able to write a play that showed both the positives and negatives of modernism, while advancing the ideals of traditionalism. She does all this without losing sight of what is most important to women of a small village like that. At one part she even has Ruth say â€Å"these rural women are very gullible, you know. All you need to do is make them feel they are important†¦ we need them anyway, maybe even more than they need us. † The author is commenting here on the passive-aggressive attempts of Daisy and Ruth but also shows that the village women do not actually need to be modernized. Perhaps here, the author is a little biased because she is making Daisy and Ruth out to be selfish and slightly cruel. To a western reader, the play was not very easy to read. The names of the villagers were at times tongue tying and I found myself changing opinions about a character because I in fact, thought they were another. Onwueme also does not really explain the native African dialect and proverbial expressions that are used, which was slightly confusing as well. Many play-writes include footnotes at the bottom of the page to explain vernacular that is not known to the reader and that would have been very helpful here. That being said, the true meaning of the play was present the entire time. The clash of cultures and the lingering pains of colonialism in Africa come through wonderfully in the author’s interpretation. In one eloquent line we see that colonialism left its mark of the villagers. Sherifat says to Daisy that â€Å"it’s easier for those who inflict the pain on others to forget. † Tell It To Women, while at times was hard to follow, beautifully captured the struggle of traditionalism versus modernism and is a true mark of feminism. Overall, I thought that the play was well written and captivating. Even as a man, when sometimes it is hard to understand the desires of women, let alone women of another culture, I was able to grasp the true value of this play. It enlightened me about African culture and the roles of men and women in society. I believe Onwueme did a tremendous job in exposing the struggles of postcolonial Africa in an artful representation. A Critique of Tess Onwueme’s Tell It to Women. (2018, Nov 12).

Critical Review Accountability and Data Collection, including Reward Article

Critical Review Accountability and Data Collection, including Reward and Challenge Schools - Article Example The reform rightly undertakes the method of identifying the schools and districts with the maximum progress and recognizing them as Reward schools; this would encourage the functioning of the schools and thereby enhance their performance. Though I agree that the identification of the Challenge School and then helping them in specific ways is an innovative way to solve the problem, as all the schools may not lack in the same sphere, yet I also think that a problem might arise here with respect to correct identification of the challenged schools and the reward schools as no school will have everything bad or good in it, hence the process involved in the collection of data for recognizing and categorizing the schools needs to be clearly mentioned. According to me the reform should specify what benchmarks and parameters would be used for the identification of the categories. School Turn Around Models In my opinion, the method proposed for school remodeling might be criticized on the foll owing grounds. The idea of Challenge schools undergoing a turnaround and transformation model where the governing body of the school gets replaced and strengthened might not ensure better performance always according to me. This is because replacing an experienced authority with a new one might pose new problems as the newcomer might take time to adjust to the ambience before bringing on changes. Rehiring of the 50 percent of the old staff and filling up the rest with new staffs may initiate non-cooperation among the staffs and hence their productivity can go down and this is therefore not a very sound idea. I also think that closing the school and transferring the students into higher performing school may end up being a problem as the students would suddenly find themselves under greater pressure than what they have been exposed to (12). Effective Teachers and Leaders - state and district level data systems and evaluations With respect to the area of ‘Effective Teachers and Leaders-state and district level data systems and evaluations’ I observe that the development and implementation of meaningful educators and principal evaluation system by the State and the District is a positive step in providing quality education (15-16). I agree that the published data at the state and the district level about the performance of the principals and the teachers will put them under a constant pressure of doing well. The grants for the school on their better performance in building up better and effective teachers are also a good idea to work towards encouragement. Yet I find one negative aspect with respect to the transfer of the effective teachers to the high needs schools. Thought this is likely to act as a blessing for the schools in need, yet at the same time it can act adversely against the interest of the students who sometimes become accustomed to a specific way of teaching and might find it a problem to adapt to the change. I would recommend here the inclusion of how these changes would be implemented and what psychological changes the students would need to undergo. English Language Learners The provision of significant formula grants to aid the schools at the district and the state level for implementing elevated quality language instructions in educational programs is definitely a constructive move undertaken by the reforms (20). I also find he language proficiency assessment to determine the eligibility of the learner quite recommendable because it is likely to enhance the quality of the education. However, in that way many learners who wish to study the language will be exempted from doing so. Hence I suggest that by initiating innovative programs in the schools to impart language education the State itself can take a step in coming up with

College Math Problem Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

College - Math Problem Example Hi! It is simple, though unusual. Vectors differ from many other mathematical notions because a vector is determined by both numerical value and vector's direction. So, vector is not only a number. You can imagine a vector as an arrow of certain length. Exactly! You can compare it with buses that have the same route but go in the opposite direction. If you stand at a bus stop waiting for the bus to go to the nearby town, it does not help you if exactly the same minute the bus leaves the town of your destination and heads the other way. Although it is the same bus, you can not ride it as it goes in the different direction. The straight-line movement of the bus can be characterized by a vector. To determine whether it is better to use elimination or substitution method to solve a system of equations, first of all, it is advisable to examine closely the coefficients in the equations of the original system. If the coefficients before one of the variables in two of the equations are the same, but have the opposite sign (or have the same sign - then one of the equations should be simply multiplied by -1) then it would be more practical to use the elimination method. This method is also handy for solving bigger systems that contain three or more variables.

Free Essays on Terrorism: Europes Contempt Toward the U.S :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

September 11 and Europe's Contempt Toward the U.S Lest we forget the heroic resolve of our many European "allies," the French surged forward into the fray last week. Well, perhaps "surging" isn't quite the word, and the "fray" has become a meager affair as of late. Their token gesture to join the U.S. and Great Britain in orchestrating a Northern Alliance victory amounts to little more than tactical cowardice, a dashing display of minced words and foot-dragging that only the French seem capable of. However symbolic the gesture, the French and their European counterparts tend to deliver such offerings of goodwill sealed with the usual stamp of anti-Americanism. The irritating Euro-superiority complex recently surfaced over the issue of extraditing captured terrorists to the United States. In September, Spanish authorities infiltrated the Soldiers of Allah, a radical Islamic group based in Madrid with links to al Qaeda. The operation led to 14 arrests of key al Qaeda operatives and shed new light on the financing of bin Laden's operations preceding the September 11 attacks. Hundreds of millions of pesetas (i.e. millions of dollars) flowed through this unit of al Qaeda's financial network. Despite this damning evidence, Spain still sniffs at the thought of extraditing the detainees to the U.S. And what is the source of Spain's moral indigestion? The "backward" American justice system, of course. After all, the U.S. still employs such barbaric anachronisms as the death penalty (and even worse, a solid majority of Americans seem to support it). As evidenced by the continual stalling of Spanish diplomats, the moral burden of any extradition to a country as primitive as the United States is simply too much for the collective Spanish conscience to bear. The fate of al Qaeda operatives must not be abandoned to the crude methods of American jurisprudence. Instead of rejecting such anti-Americanism, the 15 members of the European Union echoed Spain's sentiments in their sanctimonious reports to the press. The Bush administration's establishment of military tribunals further inflamed the E.U.'s righteous indignation. Several countries kindly reminded the U.S. that sending the al Qaeda henchmen across the pond would violate the EU's extradition ban against countries that use the death penalty. This was consistent with what seems to be the E.U.'s role of the meddling whiner, seizing some disputable moral high ground to voice complaints instead of solutions. Perhaps the most annoying aspect of most European indignation is its paternalistic tone, as if the Americans were still reckless colonies in need of a scolding.

Free Essays on Terrorism: Europes Contempt Toward the U.S :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

September 11 and Europe's Contempt Toward the U.S Lest we forget the heroic resolve of our many European "allies," the French surged forward into the fray last week. Well, perhaps "surging" isn't quite the word, and the "fray" has become a meager affair as of late. Their token gesture to join the U.S. and Great Britain in orchestrating a Northern Alliance victory amounts to little more than tactical cowardice, a dashing display of minced words and foot-dragging that only the French seem capable of. However symbolic the gesture, the French and their European counterparts tend to deliver such offerings of goodwill sealed with the usual stamp of anti-Americanism. The irritating Euro-superiority complex recently surfaced over the issue of extraditing captured terrorists to the United States. In September, Spanish authorities infiltrated the Soldiers of Allah, a radical Islamic group based in Madrid with links to al Qaeda. The operation led to 14 arrests of key al Qaeda operatives and shed new light on the financing of bin Laden's operations preceding the September 11 attacks. Hundreds of millions of pesetas (i.e. millions of dollars) flowed through this unit of al Qaeda's financial network. Despite this damning evidence, Spain still sniffs at the thought of extraditing the detainees to the U.S. And what is the source of Spain's moral indigestion? The "backward" American justice system, of course. After all, the U.S. still employs such barbaric anachronisms as the death penalty (and even worse, a solid majority of Americans seem to support it). As evidenced by the continual stalling of Spanish diplomats, the moral burden of any extradition to a country as primitive as the United States is simply too much for the collective Spanish conscience to bear. The fate of al Qaeda operatives must not be abandoned to the crude methods of American jurisprudence. Instead of rejecting such anti-Americanism, the 15 members of the European Union echoed Spain's sentiments in their sanctimonious reports to the press. The Bush administration's establishment of military tribunals further inflamed the E.U.'s righteous indignation. Several countries kindly reminded the U.S. that sending the al Qaeda henchmen across the pond would violate the EU's extradition ban against countries that use the death penalty. This was consistent with what seems to be the E.U.'s role of the meddling whiner, seizing some disputable moral high ground to voice complaints instead of solutions. Perhaps the most annoying aspect of most European indignation is its paternalistic tone, as if the Americans were still reckless colonies in need of a scolding.

Free Essays on Terrorism: Europes Contempt Toward the U.S :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

September 11 and Europe's Contempt Toward the U.S Lest we forget the heroic resolve of our many European "allies," the French surged forward into the fray last week. Well, perhaps "surging" isn't quite the word, and the "fray" has become a meager affair as of late. Their token gesture to join the U.S. and Great Britain in orchestrating a Northern Alliance victory amounts to little more than tactical cowardice, a dashing display of minced words and foot-dragging that only the French seem capable of. However symbolic the gesture, the French and their European counterparts tend to deliver such offerings of goodwill sealed with the usual stamp of anti-Americanism. The irritating Euro-superiority complex recently surfaced over the issue of extraditing captured terrorists to the United States. In September, Spanish authorities infiltrated the Soldiers of Allah, a radical Islamic group based in Madrid with links to al Qaeda. The operation led to 14 arrests of key al Qaeda operatives and shed new light on the financing of bin Laden's operations preceding the September 11 attacks. Hundreds of millions of pesetas (i.e. millions of dollars) flowed through this unit of al Qaeda's financial network. Despite this damning evidence, Spain still sniffs at the thought of extraditing the detainees to the U.S. And what is the source of Spain's moral indigestion? The "backward" American justice system, of course. After all, the U.S. still employs such barbaric anachronisms as the death penalty (and even worse, a solid majority of Americans seem to support it). As evidenced by the continual stalling of Spanish diplomats, the moral burden of any extradition to a country as primitive as the United States is simply too much for the collective Spanish conscience to bear. The fate of al Qaeda operatives must not be abandoned to the crude methods of American jurisprudence. Instead of rejecting such anti-Americanism, the 15 members of the European Union echoed Spain's sentiments in their sanctimonious reports to the press. The Bush administration's establishment of military tribunals further inflamed the E.U.'s righteous indignation. Several countries kindly reminded the U.S. that sending the al Qaeda henchmen across the pond would violate the EU's extradition ban against countries that use the death penalty. This was consistent with what seems to be the E.U.'s role of the meddling whiner, seizing some disputable moral high ground to voice complaints instead of solutions. Perhaps the most annoying aspect of most European indignation is its paternalistic tone, as if the Americans were still reckless colonies in need of a scolding.

Compare Contrast Performance Enhancing Drugs

Assignment 4-1-1 Compare and Contrast COMM 120 College Writing Justin Reed Professor Hilton-Ross Performance-Enhancing Drugs: New level of excitement or quick death? We regularly hear of professional athletes being accused of â€Å"doping,† or use of illegal performance-enhancing drugs. Many do this to be the very best at what they do. This is lucrative for not only the player, but also for the franchises that bring in the crowds. The question that arises is, if these drugs should be the new frontier of sports, or if we should heavily screen the players to prevent death. Looking at this from a neutral standpoint, it can be very easy to see both positives and negatives to taking such drugs. Our society not only demands perfection, but we also expect a level of entertainment that is on par or greater than the ever increasing price tag of the tickets that we buy for these spectacles. Many of the drugs that are banned from sports are due to the side-effects that often occur. The players have psychotic episodes, become increasing hostile, and sometimes even death. Even with the evidence backing this, the drugs are still used. The reason for this is monetary gains. A question comes to mind, would you rather live a long, regular life or a shortened, amazing one? You will be faster, stronger, and heal more quickly than you ever have before. Still, let’s make the assumption that athletes begin to use performance-enhancing drugs, the prices are higher for tickets,and the amount of time a player will actually be capable of playing at such a high level is decreased. Who really wins in this scenario? I believe thefans do. Fansget a very exciting game, more plays, more action, and more impact. Things that were not possible become far more possible. Games are invented or improved to make the spectacle all the better. The athletes can now demandmore money because the crowds are greater. In turn,the crowd draw means the franchise can improve the facilities and impact the surrounding areas. Yes, the athletes have a potential of being hurt, but their sacrifice could ultimately bring happiness to thousands, give them extreme wealth,and help the areas businesses. References Donovan, R. J. , Egger, G. , Kapernick, V. , & Mendoza, J. (2002). A Conceptual Framework for Achieving Performance Enhancing Drug Compliance in Sport. _Sports Medicine_, 32(4), 269-284.

A Number Of Literatures That Discusses Important Concepts...

Chapter two: Literature review 2.1 introduction This chapter explores a number of literatures that discusses important concepts and themes of the research project. The research project demonstrates the concept of ethnicity and ethnicity in Nigeria. It explores the features of pluralistic democratic state, analysing definition of democracy; construction of pluralism and understanding of pluralistic democracy in Nigeria. Furthermore, it examines the comprehension of identity conflict; construction of national identity and the dynamics of identity conflict. 2.2 Concept of Ethnicity Ethnicity has its origin and has been used variously in addressing and classifying groups of people, constituting a term of identification. Ethnicity as a word evolved from the late Middle English (distinguishing a person not of the Christian or Jewish faith) via latin ethnnicus, Greek ethnikos (from the word ethnos (nation) (Spencer, 2014). Coupled with, Richard Jenkins relates ethnicity to the Greek word ethnos, as it refers to the social interaction of humans (Orji, 2008). A breakdown of the definition of ethnicity will provide an insight to the different perspectives on the conceptualization of ethnicity. According to Osaghae, ethnicity is â€Å"the employment or mobilization of ethnic identity and differences to gain advantage in situation of competition, conflict and cooperation† (Ukiwo, 2005, p. 4). Likewise, Ukiwo and Chazan elaborates the complex nature of ethnicity and how it creates room forShow MoreRelatedMale Professional Roles1630 Words   |  7 Pagesultimate aim of this research project is to determine what benefits the male early years professionals can provide for the children and whether they are able to influence the children’s development within the kindergarten. 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